Sigmund Freud

Psychologist
In 1891, Freud published the work "On Aphasia," in which he first presented a reasoned critique of the then-common concept of brain function localization in certain centers and proposed an alternative functional-genetic approach to studying the psyche and its physiological mechanisms. In the article "Defensive Neuropsychoses. An Attempt at a Psychological Explanation" (1894) and the work "Studies on Hysteria" (1895, co-authored with Josef Breuer), it was demonstrated that there is a reciprocal effect of psychological pathology on physiological processes and the dependence of somatic symptoms on the patient's emotional state.

After graduating from the gymnasium with honors at the age of 17, Sigmund planned to pursue a military or political career, but due to anti-Semitic sentiments and material difficulties, he had to abandon these intentions. After long deliberations, in 1873 he entered the medical faculty of the University of Vienna. He did not feel the slightest interest in medicine, and later he often admitted and wrote: "I felt no inclination towards the study of medicine and the profession of a doctor," and in his later years he even said that he never felt "at ease" in medicine and never really considered himself a real doctor[22][23].

In March 1876, under the close supervision of Professor Carl Claus, he studied the sexual life of eels, examining the presence of testes in males. This was his first scientific work. During his studies, he focused most on physiology. In 1881, he passed graduation exams with honors and received the qualification of doctor.

In 1882, he began medical practice. His scientific interests led him to the main hospital in Vienna, where he began research at the Institute of Cerebral Anatomy. In the early 1880s, he became close to Josef Breuer and Jean-Martin Charcot, who significantly influenced Freud's choice of direction in scientific activity[24]. In 1884, he invented a method for staining nerve pathways with gold chloride, but it was deemed imperfect.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

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Parents and children
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